Project On Semiconductor Devices For Class 12 Pdf Download [Extra Quality]
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How to Make a Project on Semiconductor Devices for Class 12 PDF Download
Semiconductor devices are the backbone of modern electronics and communication systems. They are used in various applications such as transistors, diodes, LEDs, solar cells, lasers, sensors, etc. In this article, we will guide you on how to make a project on semiconductor devices for class 12 PDF download.
What are Semiconductors
Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between metals and insulators. They have a small forbidden energy gap between the valence band and the conduction band, which can be overcome by thermal energy or external voltage. Semiconductors can be classified into two types: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic semiconductors are pure materials that have equal numbers of electrons and holes (positive charge carriers) in their bands. Extrinsic semiconductors are doped with impurities that introduce either excess electrons (n-type) or excess holes (p-type) in their bands.
What are Semiconductor Devices
Semiconductor devices are electronic components that exploit the properties of semiconductors to perform various functions such as amplification, switching, rectification, modulation, etc. Some common semiconductor devices are:
Junction Diode: A junction diode is a device that allows current to flow only in one direction. It consists of a p-n junction, which is formed by joining a p-type and an n-type semiconductor. When the diode is forward biased, the p-n junction is closed and current flows through it. When the diode is reverse biased, the p-n junction is open and no current flows through it.
Transistor: A transistor is a device that can amplify or switch electrical signals. It consists of three terminals: base, emitter, and collector. There are two types of transistors: bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and field effect transistor (FET). A BJT consists of two p-n junctions, one between the base and the emitter, and another between the base and the collector. A FET consists of a channel of n-type or p-type semiconductor, which is controlled by a gate terminal.
LED: A LED (light emitting diode) is a device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. It consists of a p-n junction that is forward biased. When electrons and holes recombine at the junction, they release energy in the form of photons (light).
Solar Cell: A solar cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. It consists of a p-n junction that is exposed to light. When photons strike the junction, they generate electron-hole pairs, which are separated by an electric field and create a voltage across the terminals.
Laser: A laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) is a device that emits coherent and monochromatic light. It consists of a medium of atoms or molecules that can be excited by an external source of energy (such as electricity or light). When the excited atoms or molecules return to their lower energy states, they emit photons of a specific wavelength and direction.
Sensor: A sensor is a device that detects or measures physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, light, sound, etc. It consists of a transducer that converts the physical quantity into an electrical signal, which can be processed or displayed by an electronic circuit.
How to Make a Project on Semiconductor Devices for Class 12 PDF Download
To make a project on semiconductor devices for class 12 PDF download, you need to follow these steps:
Select a topic: Choose a topic that interests you and is related to semiconductor devices. For example, you can choose to make a project on automatic night lamp using transistor and LDR[^2^], or on solar cell using LED[^1^].
Research on the topic: Gather information about the topic from various sources such as books, websites[^3^], journals, etc. Learn about the principles, working, applications, advantages, disadvantages, etc. 061ffe29dd